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Due to an extraordinary orographical variability and geological diversity of Slovakia, the Eurasian soil-geographical (horizontal) zonality vanishes in the Carpathians and the Luvisols bioclimatic region, to which Slovakia belongs, manifests itself in hilly regions. For this reason it is rather the vertical soil zonality that prevails. In the mountains, on the same substrate, following soil catena occurs: Eutric Cambisols - Distric Cambisols - Cambic Umbrisols - Cambic (Umbric) Podzols - Umbric Leptosots - Lithic Leptosols. The mountainside soil zonality appears also in soils of lowlands hilly parts. On loessial hills, towards the mountains, the following soil catena shows: Calcaro - haplic Chernozems (with all typical marks such as krotoviny) - (leached) Haplic Chernozems - Orthic Luvisols - Albic Luvisols showing thick layers of accumulated fine clay particles called cutans. (Nomenclature used acc. to World Reference Base for Soil Resources, ISSS-ISRIC-FAO. Wageningen/Rome, 1994). In flysch mountains, Distric Cambisols and Stagni-Eutric Cambisols dominate, accompanied by Eutric Cambisols, Stagnic Glossisols and varied Stagnosols. In the Klippen Belt within the Flysch zone, Rendzic Leptosols and Rendzi-Lithic Leptosols occur. On the Crystallinicum of the West Carpathian's a sequence of soils ranging from Eutric Cambisols through Dystric Cambisols, Cambic Umbrisols, Cambic (Umbric) Podzols up to Haplic Podzols and Leptosols has developed.
On the Mesozoic rocks Rendzic Leptosols and Rendzi-Lithic Leptosols prevail. On the top of limestone plateaus, often covered by Terra Rossa and Terra Fusca material, mainly Chromic Luvisols and Stagni-Chromic Luvisols are developed. Again, on the neovolcanic rocks, Eutric Cambisols are developed. In higher elevations, Dystric Cambisols occur. In both soil types, inclusions of Andosols emerge.
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